UNIT 4 SOCIAL: TYPES OF COMPANIES

There are many different types of companies which sell a product or a service in order to make money.

Self-employed people don’t work for other people. They often work in the tertiary sector, for example electricians, plumbers and journalists.

A small business employs a small number of people. Small businesses often operate in the tertiary sector, for example in retail and transport.

In a cooperative, all the people working in the company own it together. Some exist to make money, but others for social or cultural reasons.

A corporation is owned by the people who have shares in the company. When they are very big and operate in many countries we call them multinationals.

An organisational chart shows how a company is organised. It shows who works for the company and what their responsibilities are. The most responsible job appears at the top of the chart. Jobs at the same level in the chart have similar levels of responsibility.

UNIT 4 SOCIAL: EXERCISES

UNIT 4 SOCIAL SCIENCE: BUDGET

A budget is a plan of how much money we can spend and how we are going to spend it.

Household budgets: Families use budgets for their expenses.

Business budgets: Businesses use budgets to plan how much they will spend on costs of products they have to buy, and the salaries they have to pay for workers.

Analysing a budget: To understand a budget we can look at the expenses and their spending and saving habits.

Making a budget

1- Make a list of the products we need

2- Calculate the amount of money we can spend.

3- Make a shopping plan, including information about products and their prices, comparing in different shops.

4- Go shopping and buy the products we need.

Reading News
https://www.kidsnews.com.au/money/setting-goals-and-visualising-what-you-are-saving-for-can-help-you-quickly-reach-your-goal/news-story/687263c7276d9e6dcd6b9c0f478e6afc

UNIT 4 HOW WE SPEND MONEY

High-order products are products that have a high price. We don’t buy them regularly.

Low-order products are products that we buy every week. They have a lower price than high-order products.

Services

Gas, electricity and water are services. Other services include the Internet and phones. Bars, cinemas, restaurants and theme parks are other services we pay for

Where we spend money

Town centres usually have specialist shops, where high and low-order products and services can be bought.

The Internet: We can buy most high and low-order products, and services on the Internet.

Shopping centres are large and have a lot of space to display products.. High and low-order products can be bought there.

Saving money

There are many ways to save money when we’re shopping. We can use coupons or buy products in the sale. We can buy products in large quantities, because this is usually cheaper.

UNIT 4 SPENDING SAVING AND INVESTING

Spending money: People can spend money on consumer products and services. We can use cash, and we can also use debit cards (money leaves the bank immediately) and credit cards (money doesn’t leave our bank account immediately). In this case the bank is lending us money so we have to pay interest to the bank. 

Saving money: Many people use a savings account to save money. They put money into the account, and the bank pays interest on it. Interest is calculated by taking a percentage of the amount of money saved. 

A money box is a box or container where people save money. 

Investing money: When you invest, you buy something with the objective of making more money. When you buy shares, you buy a part of a company. Then if the business does well, you receive some money. 

If you buy bonds, you lend money to the government and they pay you interest. 

Some people buy houses as a way of investing money. Then they rent the house or they can sell the house. 

UNIT 3 REVIEW CORRECTION

UNIT 3 ECONOMIC SECTORS IN EUROPE

The primary sector has decreased in the EU (5%). The main primary sector activities are agriculture and fishing

The secondary sector (22%) includes the motor, textile, and shipbuilding industries.

The biggest sector in the EU is the tertiary sector (73%). Activities include transport, health, tourism, and financial services.

The EU occupies a relatively small geographical area, so the differences between member countries are small too. Consequently, it’s easier for EU companies to do business with each other. 

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The EU has a common currency, the euro. This makes trade easier because companies don’t have to worry about changing money. In recent years, transport links have improved in the EU. 

UNIT 3 SOCIAL SCIENCE ADVERTISEMENT

Advertisements try to persuade people to buy a product or service.

 

There are many ways to advertise products and services, television, on the Internet, in newspapers and magazines and in the street. Some companies use very aggressive advertising which encourages people to consume without thinking carefully. Examples of aggressive advertising are:

•Advertisements with big colourful letters and images.

•When the advertisement threatens the consumer if they don’t buy the product or service. 

•Pop-up advertisements on the Internet, which appear suddenly even if you don’t want to see them. 

•Ads that show a product or service that’s different from the real.

Sometimes people consume more products and services than they really need. If we control our use of products and services we will save energy and limited resources.