UNIT 4 SOCIAL: TYPES OF COMPANIES

There are many different types of companies which sell a product or a service in order to make money.

Self-employed people don’t work for other people. They often work in the tertiary sector, for example electricians, plumbers and journalists.

A small business employs a small number of people. Small businesses often operate in the tertiary sector, for example in retail and transport.

In a cooperative, all the people working in the company own it together. Some exist to make money, but others for social or cultural reasons.

A corporation is owned by the people who have shares in the company. When they are very big and operate in many countries we call them multinationals.

An organisational chart shows how a company is organised. It shows who works for the company and what their responsibilities are. The most responsible job appears at the top of the chart. Jobs at the same level in the chart have similar levels of responsibility.

UNIT 4 SOCIAL SCIENCE: BUDGET

A budget is a plan of how much money we can spend and how we are going to spend it.

Household budgets: Families use budgets for their expenses.

Business budgets: Businesses use budgets to plan how much they will spend on costs of products they have to buy, and the salaries they have to pay for workers.

Analysing a budget: To understand a budget we can look at the expenses and their spending and saving habits.

Making a budget

1- Make a list of the products we need

2- Calculate the amount of money we can spend.

3- Make a shopping plan, including information about products and their prices, comparing in different shops.

4- Go shopping and buy the products we need.

Reading News
https://www.kidsnews.com.au/money/setting-goals-and-visualising-what-you-are-saving-for-can-help-you-quickly-reach-your-goal/news-story/687263c7276d9e6dcd6b9c0f478e6afc

UNIT 3 ECONOMIC SECTORS IN EUROPE

The primary sector has decreased in the EU (5%). The main primary sector activities are agriculture and fishing

The secondary sector (22%) includes the motor, textile, and shipbuilding industries.

The biggest sector in the EU is the tertiary sector (73%). Activities include transport, health, tourism, and financial services.

The EU occupies a relatively small geographical area, so the differences between member countries are small too. Consequently, it’s easier for EU companies to do business with each other. 

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The EU has a common currency, the euro. This makes trade easier because companies don’t have to worry about changing money. In recent years, transport links have improved in the EU. 

UNIT 2 ECONOMY: PRIMARY SECTOR

THE PRIMARY SECTOR

People working in the primary sector obtain resources directly from nature. The main activities of the primary sector are arable farming, livestock farming, fishing, mining and forestry. Other jobs include beekeeping and fish farming.

ARABLE FARMING: Produces crops. The number of people working in crop farming has declined in recent years. However, production has increased due to modern farming techniques.

There are two main types of crops:

·Irrigated crops: These crops need a lot of water in order to grow. They include oranges, lemons, peaches and other fruit and vegetables, such as lettuces, tomatoes and peppers.

·Dry crop: These do not need much water in order to grow. They include olives and grains, such as wheat.

LIVESTOCK FARMING: involves rising different animals for food and non-food products.

There are two main types of farming:

·Extensive farming: In this farming animals live in open pastures where they eat what they can find on nature, an example is the Iberian pig.

·Intensive farming: Farmers rise animals in buildings feeding them with processed food. Most of milk cows are an example of intensive farming.

MINING: is the action of extracting rocks and minerals from the ground. Not many people are employed in mining in Spain. However, a wide variety of materials are mined, such as coal, zinc, mercury, granite and marble.

There are two types:

·Underground mines: where workers extract the materials from caves.

·Opencast mines and quarries: miners extract the mineral from the surface.

 FISHING: is still an important part of the primary sector in Spain with important ports in Galicia where we can find shellfish farms too.

There are two main types of fishing:

·Coastal fishing is near the coast so fishermen return to port at the end of the day.

·Deep-sea fishing is far from the coast and fishermen spend weeks or even months on deep sea.

FORESTRY: is the growing of trees and maintenance of forests to obtain products, such as wood, cork, cellulose and resin. The main forests include pine, eucalyptus, beech, oak and holm oak.

Spain's most important forestry product is cork, which is obtained from the bark of cork oak trees.